Ovarian Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Ovarian cancer is a type of gynecological cancer originating from the cells in the ovaries, which generally progresses insidiously (silently). Because it often does not cause symptoms in the early stages, it is frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage.

What Causes Ovarian Cancer?

The exact cause is unknown, but some risk factors include:

• Family history of ovarian, breast, or bowel (colon) cancer (BRCA1/BRCA2 gene mutations)

• Advanced age

• Never having given birth (nulliparity)

• Endometriosis

• Prolonged ovulatory cycles (early menarche – late menopause)

Ovarian Cancer Symptoms

• Abdominal bloating or feeling of fullness

• Abdominal pain or pelvic pain

• Loss of appetite, feeling full quickly (early satiety)

• Weight loss

• Frequent urination or constipation

• Menstrual irregularities

Since these symptoms can often arise from other causes, a gynecologist should be consulted if they persist for more than 2 weeks.

How is Ovarian Cancer Diagnosed?

• Gynecological examination

• Ultrasound (preferably transvaginal)

• Blood tests – Tumor markers such as CA-125, HE4

• CT or MRI imaging

• Definitive diagnosis requires a biopsy taken during surgery

Stages of Ovarian Cancer

• Stage I: Cancer is confined only to the ovary(ies).

• Stage II: Cancer has spread to other organs within the pelvis.

• Stage III: Cancer has spread to the abdominal lining (peritoneum) or distant lymph nodes.

• Stage IV: There is distant organ metastasis (spread).

Ovarian Cancer Treatment

• Surgery: Removal of the cancerous tissue and areas of spread (Total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, omentectomy)

• Chemotherapy: Generally administered after surgery.

• Targeted therapies: New drugs such as PARP inhibitors.

The Importance of Early Diagnosis

Since there is no routine screening test for ovarian cancer, regular gynecological check-ups are crucial for individuals with risk factors.

Ovarian Cancer Treatment in Istanbul

As Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cengiz Andan, I aim to increase my patients’ survival duration and quality of life by applying current oncological approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Is ovarian cancer genetic? Some cases are associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations.

Does ovarian cancer show symptoms in the early stages? Generally no, which is why regular check-ups are important.

Does it recur after treatment? In advanced stages, there is a risk of recurrence; regular follow-up is necessary.