Cervical Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cervix, the part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. The most significant cause is Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Early diagnosis is possible with regular screening tests (Pap smear and HPV test).

What Causes Cervical Cancer?

• HPV infection (especially types 16 and 18)

• Having multiple sexual partners or unprotected sexual intercourse

• Smoking

• A weak immune system

• Long-term use of birth control pills

• Starting sexual activity at an early age

Cervical Cancer Symptoms

It usually does not cause symptoms in the early stages. In advanced stages:

• Bleeding after sexual intercourse

• Bleeding between periods (intermenstrual bleeding)

• Foul-smelling vaginal discharge

• Pelvic pain

• Swelling in the legs

How is Cervical Cancer Diagnosed?

• Pap smear test – Examination of cervical cells

• HPV test – Detection of high-risk HPV types

• Colposcopy – Examination of the cervix under magnification

• Biopsy – Definitive diagnosis of abnormal cells

• CT/MRI for advanced-stage evaluation

Stages of Cervical Cancer

• Stage 0: Precancerous lesion, only on the surface (Carcinoma in situ)

• Stage I: Confined to the cervix

• Stage II: Spread to surrounding tissues

• Stage III: Spread throughout the pelvis

• Stage IV: Distant organ metastasis

Cervical Cancer Treatment

• Surgery: Conization, hysterectomy

• Radiotherapy (Radiation therapy)

• Chemotherapy (can be combined with radiotherapy)

• Targeted therapies (in advanced stages)

Prevention Methods

• HPV vaccine

• Regular Smear and HPV tests

• Safe sexual practices

• Quitting smoking

Cervical Cancer Treatment in Istanbul

As Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cengiz Andan, I apply the most current surgical and oncological methods in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer, using a personalized approach.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Can cervical cancer be completely prevented? It can be largely prevented with the HPV vaccine and regular screening.

Is the HPV vaccine given to adults? Yes, it can be given up to age 45; however, the highest protection is achieved before the onset of sexual activity.

How often should the Smear test (Pap test) be done? It is recommended every 3 years for women aged 21–65, or every 5 years when combined with the HPV test.